|
Abstract
This study demonstrates that different methods for measuring emotional experiences in
dreams—self-ratings of dreams using emotion rating scales versus external ratings in the form
of content analysis of narrative dream reports—can lead to strikingly different results and
contradicting conclusions about the emotional content of home dreams. During 3 consecutive
weeks, every morning upon awakening, 44 participants (16 men, 28 women, average age 26.9
± 5.1 years) reported their dreams and rated their emotional experiences in those dreams using
the modified Differential Emotions Scale. Two external judges rated emotional experiences in
the same 552 (M = 12.55 ± 5.72) home dream reports using the same scale. Comparison of
the 2 methods showed that with self-ratings dreams were rated as more emotional and more
positive than with external ratings. Moreover, whereas with self-ratings the majority of dreams
was rated as positively valenced, with external ratings the majority of dream reports was rated
as negatively valenced. Although self- and external ratings converge, at least partially, in the
measurement of negative emotional experiences, they diverge greatly in the measurement of
positive emotional experiences. On one hand, this discrepancy may result from different biases
inherent in the 2 measurement methods highlighting the need to develop better methods for
measuring emotional experiences. On the other hand, self- and external ratings may capture
different phenomena and should thus be considered complementary and used concurrently.
Nevertheless, results suggest that negative emotional experiences can be measured in a more
valid and reliable manner than positive emotional experiences.
Supplementary Results
Changes Over Time
To
investigate whether the length of the study might explain differences in dream
emotionality obtained with the two methods, data was analyzed separately for
the first, last and intermediate periods of the study. For this, data was
aggregated separately for week one, two, and three. Four participants who
failed to fill in the dream diary on several days during the 3-week study
period also continued to report dreams during week four of the study and these
dream reports (n = 10) were combined
with those from week three.
Regarding
dream recall frequency, there was a significant difference between the three
weeks in the overall number of dream reports, N = 44, x2(2)
= 43.40, p < .001, with a medium
effect size (Kendall's W = .49). Post
hoc analyses with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction
(adjusted p < .017) showed that
participants reported significantly more dreams during week 1 (M = 5.75, SD = 2.51, Mdn = 5.00),
as compared to week 2 (M = 3.41, SD = 2.41, Mdn = 3.00), Z = -5.20, p < .001, and week 3 (M = 3.39, SD = 1.93, Mdn = 3.50), Z = -4.82, p < .001. The number of dreams reported during week 2 and 3 was
not significantly different, Z =
-0.17, p = .867. Similar results were
obtained when analyzing the number of days with dream recall. As these results
are redundant with the findings presented above, they are not detailed here.
To
account for the different number of dream reports from the three weeks, the percentage
(rather than the number) of emotionally valenced dreams was compared across the
three weeks. The results showed no differences between the three weeks in the
percentage of dreams rated as emotional, positive, or negative with either
self- or external ratings (see Supplementary Table S1 for descriptive
statistics and significance tests).
In
line with the decreased number of dream reports, participants rated and
reported significantly less emotions per dream over the course of the three
weeks. Specifically, regarding self-rated dream emotions, post hoc pairwise
comparisons with Bonferroni correction showed that participants rated
significantly less emotions in dreams during week 3, as compared to week 1, p = .004. Similar results were obtained
with externally rated emotions in dream reports: post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank
tests with Bonferroni correction (adjusted p < .017) indicated that participants reported significantly less emotions in
dream reports during week 3, as compared to week 1, Z = 2.63, p = .008. There
were no differences in the ratings regarding the number of emotions per dream
between week 1 and 2 (SR: p = .294;
ER: Z = -1.23, p = .224) or between week 2 and 3 (SR: p = .565; ER: Z = -1.75, p = .08).
Moreover,
the smaller number of emotion ratings per dream occurred due to participants
having given less positive emotion ratings per dream with self-ratings and
reported less negative emotions per dream report (see Supplementary Table S1).
Specifically, post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction showed
that with self-ratings there were significantly less positive emotions per
dream during week 3, as compared to week 1, p = .013 (with no significant difference between week 1 and 3, p = 1.000, or between week 2 and 3, p = .088). With external ratings, post
hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction (adjusted p < .017) showed that there were
significantly less negative emotions per dream report during 3, as compared to
week 1, Z = -2.45, p = .013 (with no significant difference
between week 1 and 2, Z = -2.18, p = .028, or between week 2 and 3, Z = -0.44, p = .666).
Thus,
despite participants having reported less dream reports and less emotions per
dream towards the end of the study, this change was not specific to the rating
method or to the valence of emotions. Moreover, when directly comparing self-
and external ratings of dream emotions separately for the three weeks, the
pattern of results is the same as for the study overall (see Supplementary
Table S2). The only notable aspect is that the difference in the amount of
negative dreams between self- and external ratings occurs only towards the end
of the study period (week 3) but not in the earlier periods of the study (week
1 and 2). Therefore, the length of the study and the changes occurring over the
study period cannot explain the differences in overall emotionality and/or
positivity between self- and external ratings.
Table
S1
Differences
in Dream Emotionality Between the Three Different Study Periods (N = 39)
|
Study
period
|
|
Friedman
test or paired-samples ANOVA
|
Effect
size
|
|
Week
1
|
|
Week
2
|
|
Week
3
|
|
χ 2 or F
|
p
|
Kendall’s W or ηp 2
|
Self-ratings
|
% Emotional dreams
|
M
|
98.24
|
|
99.15
|
|
95.90
|
|
χ 2(2)
=2.96
|
=.267
|
W = .04
|
SD
|
4.93
|
|
5.34
|
|
13.47
|
|
Mdn
|
100.00
|
|
100.00
|
|
100.00
|
|
% Positive dreams
|
M
|
57.33
|
|
65.09
|
|
47.66
|
|
χ 2 (2) =5.29
|
=.069
|
W = .07
|
SD
|
30.48
|
|
34.58
|
|
34.92
|
|
Mdn
|
60.00
|
|
66.67
|
|
50.00
|
|
% Negative dreams
|
M
|
33.72
|
|
30.38
|
|
42.85
|
|
χ 2 (2) =2.82
|
=.245
|
W = .04
|
SD
|
29.69
|
|
31.95
|
|
34.79
|
|
Mdn
|
33.33
|
|
28.57
|
|
50.00
|
|
Emotions per dream
|
M
|
9.11
|
|
8.30
|
|
7.72
|
|
F(2,76)
= 5.09
|
=.008
|
ηp2 = .12
|
SD
|
3.17
|
|
3.54
|
|
3.53
|
|
Mdn
|
9.00
|
|
8.30
|
|
8.00
|
|
Positive emotions
per dream
|
M
|
5.33
|
|
5.11
|
|
4.21
|
|
F(2,76)
= 5.17
|
=.008
|
ηp2 = .20
|
SD
|
2.21
|
|
2.59
|
|
2.64
|
|
Mdn
|
5.25
|
|
5.00
|
|
4.75
|
|
Negative emotions
per dream
|
M
|
3.79
|
|
3.19
|
|
3.51
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 2.27
|
=.322
|
W = .03
|
SD
|
2.24
|
|
2.13
|
|
2.27
|
|
Mdn
|
3.00
|
|
3.00
|
|
3.20
|
|
External ratings
|
% Emotional dreams
|
M
|
52.73
|
|
51.51
|
|
43.66
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 1.50
|
=.478
|
W = .02
|
SD
|
29.05
|
|
31.87
|
|
34.93
|
|
Mdn
|
50.00
|
|
50.00
|
|
50.00
|
|
% Positive dreams
|
M
|
14.10
|
|
17.86
|
|
9.90
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 2.27
|
=.336
|
W = .03
|
SD
|
16.55
|
|
28.16
|
|
20.12
|
|
Mdn
|
11.11
|
|
0.00
|
|
0.00
|
|
% Negative dreams
|
M
|
31.68
|
|
22.49
|
|
25.60
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 4.99
|
=.082
|
W = .06
|
SD
|
24.39
|
|
24.95
|
|
27.74
|
|
Mdn
|
28.57
|
|
16.67
|
|
20.00
|
|
Emotions per dream
|
M
|
0.91
|
|
0.78
|
|
0.63
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 6.23
|
=.045
|
W = .08
|
SD
|
0.89
|
|
0.60
|
|
0.63
|
|
Mdn
|
0.67
|
|
0.75
|
|
0.50
|
|
Positive emotions
per dream
|
M
|
0.33
|
|
0.33
|
|
0.21
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 4.35
|
=.114
|
W = .06
|
SD
|
0.46
|
|
0.37
|
|
0.36
|
|
Mdn
|
0.22
|
|
0.20
|
|
0.00
|
|
Negative emotions
per dream
|
M
|
0.58
|
|
0.45
|
|
0.42
|
|
χ 2 (2) = 8.02
|
=.018
|
W =.10
|
SD
|
0.54
|
|
0.47
|
|
0.43
|
|
Mdn
|
0.40
|
|
0.33
|
|
0.33
|
|
Table S2
Differences
Between Self-and External Ratings of Dream Emotional Experiences Separately for
the Three Study Periods
|
Self-ratings
|
|
External
ratings
|
|
Wilcoxon
signed rank test
(two-tailed)
|
Effect
size
|
|
M
|
SD
|
Mdn
|
|
M
|
SD
|
Mdn
|
|
Z
|
p
|
r
|
Week 1 (N = 44)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional
dreams
|
5.61
|
2.37
|
5.00
|
|
2.80
|
1.91
|
2.50
|
|
-5.54
|
<.001
|
.59
|
Positive
dreams
|
3.14
|
2.02
|
3.00
|
|
0.68
|
0.86
|
0.50
|
|
-5.22
|
<.001
|
.56
|
Negative
dreams
|
2.07
|
1.86
|
2.00
|
|
1.73
|
1.61
|
1.50
|
|
-1.49
|
=.138
|
.16
|
Balanced
dreams
|
0.41
|
0.66
|
0.00
|
|
0.25
|
0.44
|
0.00
|
|
-1.40
|
=.231
|
.15
|
Undetermined a
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
0.14
|
0.41
|
0.00
|
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Emotions per dream
|
9.00
|
3.25
|
8.88
|
|
0.88b
|
0.87b
|
0.67b
|
|
-5.78
|
<.001
|
.62
|
Positive
emotions
|
5.22
|
2.22
|
5.25
|
|
0.32
|
0.44
|
0.24
|
|
-5.78
|
<.001
|
.62
|
Negative
emotions
|
3.78
|
2.25
|
3.06
|
|
0.57
|
0.53
|
0.40
|
|
-5.71
|
<.001
|
.61
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Week 2 (N = 40)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional
dreams
|
3.70
|
2.23
|
3.00
|
|
1.90
|
1.59
|
1.00
|
|
-4.98
|
<.001
|
.56
|
Positive
dreams
|
2.32
|
1.87
|
2.00
|
|
0.55
|
0.75
|
0.00
|
|
-4.74
|
<.001
|
.53
|
Negative
dreams
|
1.20
|
1.22
|
1.00
|
|
1.00
|
1.19
|
1.00
|
|
-1.05
|
=.327
|
.12
|
Balanced
dreams
|
0.18
|
0.50
|
0.00
|
|
0.23
|
0.42
|
0.00
|
|
-0.41
|
=.827
|
.05
|
Undetermined a
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
0.13
|
0.40
|
0.00
|
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Emotions
per dream
|
8.26
|
3.49
|
8.28
|
|
0.78b
|
0.59b
|
0.78b
|
|
-5.49
|
<.001
|
.61
|
Positive
emotions
|
5.04
|
2.59
|
5.00
|
|
0.32
|
0.37
|
0.18
|
|
-5.44
|
<.001
|
.61
|
Negative
emotions
|
3.22
|
2.11
|
3.00
|
|
0.47
|
0.47
|
0.33
|
|
-5.21
|
<.001
|
.58
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Week 3 (N = 42)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional
dreams
|
3.40
|
1.85
|
3.50
|
|
1.55
|
1.52
|
1.00
|
|
-5.22
|
<.001
|
.57
|
Positive
dreams
|
1.83
|
1.75
|
1.50
|
|
0.40
|
0.86
|
0.00
|
|
-4.95
|
<.001
|
.54
|
Negative
dreams
|
1.33
|
1.20
|
1.00
|
|
0.93
|
1.07
|
1.00
|
|
-2.29
|
=.022
|
.25
|
Balanced
dreams
|
0.24
|
0.58
|
0.00
|
|
0.19
|
0.39
|
0.00
|
|
-0.54
|
=.795
|
.06
|
Undetermined a
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
0.00
|
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Emotions
per dream
|
7.85
|
3.44
|
8.53
|
|
0.59b
|
0.62b
|
0.50b
|
|
-5.65
|
<.001
|
.62
|
Positive
emotions
|
4.41
|
2.71
|
4.75
|
|
0.19
|
0.35
|
0.00
|
|
-5.51
|
<.001
|
.60
|
Negative
emotions
|
3.44
|
2.26
|
3.20
|
|
0.40
|
0.42
|
0.33
|
|
-5.44
|
<.001
|
.59
|
Note. a Dream reports containing only emotions classified by judges into
the “Other” category (12 dreams of 8 participants). b Excludes
emotions classified into the “Other” category8.
Table S3
Examples
of Dream Reports (Translated from Swedish) Rated by External Judges (ER) and
Participants Themselves (SR). The Scores for Positive Emotions (PE) and
Negative Emotions (NE) Indicate the Number of Different Emotion Categories the
Dream Has Been Rated With (min = 0; max = 10)
|
Emotional
valence of dream |
|
Emotions
per dream |
|
ER |
SR |
|
ER |
SR |
|
|
PE |
NE |
PE |
NE |
I was at
some big industrial park. Everything was closed down and a criminal gang
owned this place. The dream was generally "dark" in lighting. I
stepped on glass and got a little scratch on my foot, but it was nothing
dangerous. I then met my younger sister who had also stepped on glass, but
she had a very deep wound on her foot that stretched from the toes to the heel.
I never saw the criminal gang but had a strong feeling that my younger sister
was stuck and could not get away from this area because of them + her injury
(Male, 25). |
Non-emotional |
Non-emotional |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
I was in
the desert. It was hot, but I was not feeling hot. It seemed like the sun was
burning, and the sand was almost copper red. A girl dressed in a black skirt,
with some glitter on, and a white jacket was there. She looked like one of my
favorite bloggers. She was standing, waiting for a car, and talking on the
mobile phone. Afterwards the car came and she left. I continued to walk, and
ran into an island and a few trees that grew around it. It was shady there
and two other girls, whom I did not know, were there. They were painting with
a brush and white paint on each other's faces (Female, 37). |
Non-emotional |
Non-emotional |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
We were
standing outside our old house and we were sorting out the garbage. We had
some sort of motor device that would normally take care of everything, but it
was broken, so we had to do it ourselves. No one wanted to help and someone
suggested that we just threw everything in the same container instead, but
then I became really angry and
decided to invent something that could recycle everything so that there would
never be any garbage left over (Female, 20). |
Negative |
Negative |
|
0 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
I was in a
beautiful house in a big forest, and I was there on behalf of the government
with some important people. A boy, with his legs and arms tied, sat in a
chair and seemed to show no emotions at all. I did not know who the boy was.
I had been instructed to cut holes in two hoses that contained some liquid,
both of which were steaming heavily. When these two met, a deadly gas was
formed. I started cutting holes in the hoses and the people began to slowly
move out of the house. I also went out when I was done, and someone closed
the door from the outside after me. I looked in and saw how the toxic gas
began to spread inside the house like a fog. I still had the knife in my hand
that I held in my hand next to the forearm so that it would not be visible to
people who walked past us outside the house. It felt as if everyone was very
well dressed. I left from there fairly quickly and started running up steep
stairs and was very remorseful and scared of what I had done, even if it
was permitted by the government and the important persons who were there. I
stopped on the stairs and wanted to save the boy, but I realized it would be
too late. I continued to run up the steep stairs and wanted to find a good
place to hide the knife which I never wanted to see again (Male, 40). |
Negative |
Negative |
|
0 |
2 |
0 |
8 |
I was at my
parents' home and sat in the kitchen. Then, suddenly, something happens out
there, and when I look out the door, my mother has caught a big deer that was
injured by gunshot, and was bleeding from the head. She stands by its side
and holds the horns that are sticking out to the sides (in reality the horns
are straight up). This deer was also unusually large and had a very round
shape of the head, plus it had a long horn on its forehead, like a unicorn! I was happy that this happened and
shouted to my boyfriend, who is a hunter, that he should come and kill the
deer. I was happy because I thought
now we get free meat. I also thought that it was a very special deer because
of the horn on its forehead, which was
awesome. All this happened during the day, and it was sunny outside, it
felt like a spring day (Female, 28). |
Positive |
Positive |
|
2 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
I was in a
completely white room, floor, ceiling, walls, everything was white. A slight
feeling of being in a big box, but it was not uncomfortable in any way. There
was a door frame, without a door, hence an opening. Only light was coming
from there. The feeling was that I was content. My cohabitant was
present in some way, but I remember no interaction. It was like we were just
there, we did nothing, I do not remember any direct visual input more than
previously described. The presence of the partner was in the form of a
feeling that he was there (Female, 24). |
Positive |
Positive |
|
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
Out for a walk, me and my girlfriend saw an old
classmate of mine who was putting out posters. On these it said that he was
going to organize an expo. My girlfriend asked me if it was because he was
unemployed, but I explained that it was because he was so successful nowadays,
had his own company, and gladly agreed to undertake such tasks. The next
thing I remember is that I looked around at the same expo, but not much more
than that (Male, 28). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
I was in a room, maybe a kitchen again, with my
partner. He was standing and talking on the phone with his big sister, I
think. I stood and tinkered with some cabinet first and then I looked over
his shoulder and grinned and began pulling up the edge of my panties (had
only panties on I think), so that the edge slipped further and further up
over the butt, to seduce him. (Female, 23). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
It was winter and a lot of snow outside. My wife and I
were out playing in it, among other things, we jumped down from a big pile of
snow. In the beginning of the dream, it was just the two of us, but then we
had a small child with us, who we jumped and played with, but it was only a
few months old so it was not particularly amused by the jumping so we took it
easy in instead, until the child fell asleep (Male, 24). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
7 |
1 |
Me and my partner were of royal blood, and it was
sometime around the 1800s because we were on a big wooden ship and we were
wearing strange clothes, a lot of extravagant clothes. We were in the cabins
and only a few people were allowed in there. We were going to get married so
the priest tied a cloth around our hands so we would hold hands. The priest
spoke in Latin for a long time, until we were supposed to promise each other
to love each other in sickness and in health. Then the party broke loose on
the ship, flute music began to play, and we were going to go out to the deck
and dance. Before I was allowed to go out, I received a special scarf on the
shoulders which would show that I was married. The party lasted until dawn
and we danced and ate a lot of food (Female, 28). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
I was at a
restaurant, a very nice one. Crystal chandeliers in the ceiling, dark wooden
tables, white tablecloths, mint green drapes. I sat at a table and talked
with a few people. I knew that I would enter into partnership with one of
them. He knew that he was going to earn money from our cooperation, but I was
looking for something different. The prospect of money did not interest me.
Anyways, I was going to go to a place and pretend to work there, it was a
company we were going to buy, but first we had to look up some information
about it. All of a sudden I am in the back (I think) of the restaurant and
jump into a pickup van that takes me to this place. I do not need to go on a
job interview, it seems that I am already employed there. I walk in and there
is some form of telemarketing company, anyways the primary work form are
phones. I go up lots of stairs, pass by several people behind their back who
are talking on the phone. At the top of the building I meet who I think is
the boss. We discuss a little bit, then I start to notice that everyone
around me has a mustache. Real bushy mustache that resembles half oval shapes
under your nose. It looks terrible. I go through the building again to get to
the end and everyone turns around and has these ugly mustaches. They look at
me, but I do not meet their gazes. My view is fixed on the ugly mustaches, if
anything. Once outside the building, I meet this person that I had a deal
with at the restaurant. Somehow I have learned from my terrible experience
with mustaches that my partner does not have what it takes to be part of a
deal with me. I tell him that he must be ready to go the extra mile, because
there is always someone else who is ready to go an extra mile (Male, 25). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
6 |
1 |
I meet two
people at the beach because I am going to do a story and interview these two.
We are going to the beach which is located in a beautiful valley, almost like
in the Alps, it is not a lake, but more like a wide river or so. Suddenly,
when we get there, all the people who were there start to pack up and go, all
at once. The beach is emptied in less than a few minutes. I think it is me
that has such an effect on the people, but they do not even look in our
direction. I sit on the sand and dig my bare feet deep in the sand, it is a
little wet. Suddenly, in the distance, we see ripples on the water or
patterns on the water which indicate that something is traveling there with
high speed. Something that looks
like a giant leech, as big as a tree log, in the water, swims by us, ugly
teeth sitting in a circle in the mouth, many teeth. High-set eyes and
nostrils that it holds above the surface when it swims, slightly
crocodile-like. I have time to realize that this is the reason why everyone
left the beach. According to those that I met there, it comes there the same
time every day. I walked along the river and followed the beast, I saw that
it followed me with the eyes as if I were an easy prey. When the beast opened
its mouth close to my face, it flashed all its teeth in front of my eyes, but
then, suddenly, someone was holding it and showed it, and suddenly I was
standing at the other side of a window much like at the zoo (Female, 35). |
Non-emotional |
Positive |
|
0 |
0 |
6 |
2 |
I had a
motorcycle that I drove around with. My friend told me to be careful with how
I sat on it, you were absolutely not allowed to sit on it carelessly. I drove
around for a while with no problems, although I had never driven one before,
and ended up in some place. At this place I accidentally met a guy that I had
talked with through Tinder, we realized this while we were talking to each
other. Then I went home to my brother and, once there, I panicked about whether I locked the motorcycle or not. When I
went out and checked, it was not there. I wondered if I had put it somewhere
where I did not remember. My brother and I talked about a party that some
classmates of mine were going to have, I maybe wanted to go but was not sure.
I got to see a list they had made for the party which I thought was really
lame so I would probably not want to go after all. Then I know that something
else happened in the dream but unfortunately I do not remember. The last
thing I remember was that my father came home to mom and that he was drunk
because he had been drinking at work (Female, 23). |
Negative |
Positive |
|
0 |
1 |
10 |
2 |
I was in a
big room and I was busy preparing a party with my mom and my dad.
Simultaneously, as I was preparing the party, I was getting ready myself, and
was looking for my high-heeled shoes. Outside sat a guy I have been dating
once, in a car waiting for me, because we were together. I got in the car and
we kissed. Suddenly, I was with my mother and father at a car park in the
city, my three best friends were there too. Me, mom and dad found a lot of
gold bars on the ground, we picked them up and walked along a long street.
Two women came along and pulled my mother and father into an apartment house because
they wanted to steal the gold bars, and I followed them. We were in a small
apartment and that woman locked herself in the bathroom with my mom and dad.
I tried to get in but the other woman tried to stop me, so I hit her in the
head. When I managed to open the bathroom door, my mom, dad and the first
woman were sitting in there and eating ribs. They shut the door again so I
could not enter. I went to the living room and there was a baby, I looked at
the baby but heard that the woman I had hit was beginning to wake up. I was
going to pick up the baby because I thought that she would not dare to hurt
me if I had a baby in my arms. But when I was about to pick up the baby, it turned
out to be only a computer screen, filled with lots of pictures of the baby. I was really scared that the woman I
had hit was angry and was going to kill me, so I went to the kitchen to get a
knife I could defend myself with. She came towards me and yelled at me a lot,
cannot remember what she said. She walked towards me and I stabbed her in the
face and she just laughed, then I stabbed her in the stomach, and she fell to
the floor, she was still laughing. I cried and cried a lot because I did not
want to hurt her, but I had to (Female, 21). |
Negative |
Positive |
|
0 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
|
